Define Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross. Explain inheritance of two pairs of contrasting characters showing independent assortment of tall-dwarf stems v/s yellow Green seeds in Pea plant
MONOHYBRID CROSS
If only one pair
of contrasting character is being studied the hybrids are called Monohybrids.
DIHYBRID CROSS
When two
different pairs of contrasting characters are studied simultaneously, the
hybrids are called
Dihybrids.
Mendel performed
numerous experiments with garden pea keeping in view the simultaneous
inheritance of two different pairs of contrasting characters and always found that
one of the two contrasts out of each pair was dominant in F1
generation; and it was always the same contrast which was dominant in single
trait inheritance. He always obtained a ratio of 9: 3: 3: 1 in F2
generation of which 9 were of dominant parental types 3: 3 were of two
different recombination types which did not exist previously and one was
showing both the recessive contrasts. Mendel realised of his breeding
experiments, two different pairs of alleles is completely at random (i.e.
depends on chance). This principle of inheritance was called the law of
independent assortment”. In its simplest forms it can be stated that the
alleles for two different pairs of contrasting characters are transmitted
independent of one another during their inheritance to the next generation.
Tall dwarf and yellow green cotyledons
The gene for the
length of Pea plant has two contrasts i.e. modified forms (called alleles) one
of which produces tallness (T) and the other produces dwarfness (t), the two
characters called as a pair of contrasting characters. Similarly, the gene for
cotyledons colour has two modified forms (alleles) one of which produces yellow
cotyledons (Y) and the other produces green cotyledons (y); the two characters
called as a pair of contrasting characters. If a pure tall plant (TT) with
yellow cotyledons (YY) is crossed with a pure dwarf plant (tt) with green
cotyledons (yy), all the F1 plants are tall and with yellow
cotyledons. It indicates that tallness is dominant over dwarfness and yellow
cotyledons are dominant over green. If F1 tall and yellow plants are
self corssed 9: 3: 3: 1 ratio is obtained in F2 i.e. 9/16 are tall
with yellow cotyledons, 3/16 are tall with green cotyledons, 3/16 dwarf with
yellow cotyledons (3: 3 called recombinants, as these combination of characters
did not exist before), 1/16 are dwarf with green cotyledons i.e. homozygous
recessive for both traits.
During gamete
formation T gene is free to go with y or Y. Similarly gene is independent of to
go with either T or t. Thus the occurrence of a 9: 3: 3: 1 ration in F2 is
truly evidence that the law of independent assortment is correct.
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