Describe the brief life history of Mendel. State his cross with suitable example
Gregor Mendel
(1822-84) was the first scientist who gave scientific study on genetics he
entered a monastery in Brunn (Austria) where he carried on his scientific
investigations on hybridization of plants. The results of his eight years
breeding experiments were red before the Natural History Society of Brunn in
1865 and in the following years these were published in the transactions of
that society but his work remained unnoticed until 1900 when three
distinguished botanists Hygo De Vries in Holland, Tschermak in Austrua and
Correns in Germany discovered its significance. Since then, Mendel’s work has
formed the basis of the study of genetics. Mendel dies in 1884 before he could
see his work accepted and appreciated.
Mendel’s
experiment: Mendel selected for his work the common garden pea. In the pea he
found a number of contrasting characters, flowers purple, red or while plants
tall or dwarf and seed, yellow or green smooth or wrinkled. He concentrated his
attention on only one pair of characters at a time and traced them carefully
through many successive generations. In one series of experiments he selected
tallness and dwarfness of plants.
The results he
achieved in these experiments were the same in all cases. It did not matter
whether he took the dwarf plant as the male and the tall plant as the female or
vice versa.
MONOHYBRID CROSS
For monohybrid
cross only one pair of contrasting characters is taken into consideration at a
time. Mendel selected a pea plant, 2 meters in height and another 0.5 meter in
height. He brought about artificial crossing between the two. The progeny that
resulted from these crossing were all tall. This generation known as the first
filial generation or F1 generation was inbred. Seeds were collected
and soon next year. They gave rise to a mixed generation of talls and dwarfs
(but no intermediate) in the ratio of 3:1 i.e.
Three fourths talls and one fourth dwarfs. This generation is known as
the second filial generation of F2 generation. All dwarfs of F2
generation bred true producing dwarfs only in the third and subsequent
generations. Seeds were collected separately from each F2 tall plant
and sown separately. It was seen that one third of the talls bred true to type,
while the other two thirds again split up in the same ratio of 3:1. The F2
ratio is therefore 1:2:1 one fourth pure talls, half mixed talls and one fourth
pure white.
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