locomotion in invertebrates
In Protozoans
like amoeba there is amoeboid movement. The plasma membrane of amoeba has
adhesive properties since new pseudopodia attach to the substrate as they form
the plasma membrane. A thin fluid between plasma membrane and ectoplasm
facilitate this sliding. As amoeba moves, the fluid endoplasm flows forward
into the fountain zone of advancing pseudopodium. As it reaches the tip of a
pseudopodium endoplasm changes into ectoplasm. At the same time, ectoplasm near
the opposite end in the recruitment zone changes into endoplasm and begins
flowing forward. In flagellates of phylum protozoa there are present one or
more whip like flagella as locomotary organs e.g. Euglena.
In ciliates the
are hair like cilia present pellicle of the body e.g. paramecium. They are
locomotary organs.
With the
exception of arthropods locomotary cilia and flagella occur in every animal
phylum structurally cilia and flagella are similar but cilia are shorter and
more numerous, where as flagella are longer and generally occur singly or in
pairs.
Pedal
locomotion:
Many soft bodied
invertebrates move by means of waves of activity in the muscular system that is
applied to the substrate. In land snail Helix, several waves cross the length
of foot simultaneously, each moving in the same direction as the locomotion of
snail, but at a greater rate. Many large flatworms and most nemertine exhibit a
muscular component to their locomotion. In this type of movement, alternating
waves of contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles generate peristaltic
movement, which enhance the locomotion that the surface cilia also provide.
This system is most highly developed in earthworms.
Looping
movement:
Leeches and some
insect larvae exhibit looping movement. Leeches have anterior and posterior
suckers that provide alternating points of attachment. Lepidopteran
caterpillars exhibit similar locomotion in which arching movements are
equivalent to the contraction of longitudinal muscles.
Polychaete worms
move by alternate movement of parapodia, the tips of which move backward
relative to the body; since the tips attach to the ground, the body of worm
moves forward. In echinoderms e.g. sea star has fine arms with a water vascular
system in each. Along each canal are reservoir ampullae and tube feet. Contraction
of muscles comprising the ampullae drives water into the tube feet, whereas
contraction of tube feet moves water into the ampullae. Thus the tube feet
extend by hydraulic pressure and can perform simple step like motions.
Terrestrial
locomotion by walking:
Invertebrates
(terrestrial arthropods) living in terrestrial environments are much denser
than the air in which they live. As a result those that move quickly make use
of rigid skeletal elements. These elements include flexible joints, tendons and
muscles that attach to a rigid cuticle and form limb. Walking limbs of
crustacea are remarkably uniform in structure. Each joint is articulated to
allow movement in only one plane. These limbs joints allow extension and
flexion of the limb. The limb plane at the basal joint with the body can also
rotate and this rotation is laterally projected limbs and movements do not
involve raising or lowering the body. Depending on the arthropod, the
trajectory of each limb is different and non overlapping. Most arthropods walk
forward, rotating the basal joint of the limb relative to the body, but crabs
walk in a sideway fashion.
Flight:
Physical
properties of arthropod cuticle are such that true flight evolved for the
pterygote insects some zoo million years ago. Since then the basic mechanism of
flight has been modified. Consequently present day insects exhibit a wide range
of structural adaptations and mechanisms for flight.
Jumping:
Some insects
like fleas and grasshoppers can jump, mostly an escape reaction. To jump an
insect must exert a force against the ground sufficient to impart a take off
velocity greater than its weight. Long legs increase the mechanical advantage
of leg extensor muscles. This is why insects that jump have relatively long
legs. The mechanical strength of the insect cuticle acting as the lever in this
system probably determines the limit of this line of evolution.
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