Invertebrate Coelomic fluid and hemolymph, Blood cells of invertebrates, Arteries, veins and capillaries
Invertebrate Coelomic fluid and hemolymph:
Some animals
like Echinoderms, Annelids and Sipunculans are coelomic fluid as Supplementary
or sole circulatory system. Coelomic fluid may be identified in composition to
interstitial fluids or may differ particularly with respect to specific
proteins and cells. Coelomic fluid transports gases, nutrients and waste
products. It also functions in certain invertebrates (annelids) as a
hydrostatic skeleton.
Hemolymph is
circulatory fluid of animals with an open circulatory system. Most Arthropods,
Ascidians and many Molluscs have hemolymph. In these animals heart pumps
hemolymph at low pressure through vessels to tissue spaces (hemocoel) and
sinuses. Generally hemolymph volume is high and the circulation slow. In the
process of movement, essential gases, nutrients and wastes are transported.
Many times
hemolymph has no circulatory functions. In insects, hemolymph pressure assists
in molting of old cuticle and in inflation of the wings. In certain jumping
spiders, hydrostatic pressure of hemolymph provides hydraulic mechanism for
limb extension.
Blood cells of invertebrates:
blood of most
animals contains circulating cells called blood cells or hemocytes. Some cells
contain respiratory pigment such as haemoglobin and are called erythrocytes.
These cells are present in high number to facilitate oxygen transport. Cells
that do not contain respiratory pigments have other functions as blood clotting.
Number and types of blood cells vary in different invertebrates.
Annelid blood
contains Annelid blood contains hemocytes that are phagocytic. The coelomic
fluid contains variety of coelomocytes that function in phagocytosis, glycogen
storage, encapsulation, defense response and excretion. Hemolymph of Molluscs
has two general types of hemocytes (amoebocytes and gametocytes) that have also
nacrezation (pearl formation) in some bivalves. Insect hemolymph contains large
number of various haemocyte types that function in phagocytosis, encapsulation
and clotting.
Arteries, veins and capillaries:
Arteries: Arteries
are elastic blood vessels that carry away blood from the heart to the organs
and tissues of the body. Surrounding the lumen of an artery is a thick wall
composed of three layers or tunicae (i) outer most layer consist of connective
tissue. (ii) Middle layer has elastic and smooth muscle tissue (iii) Inner
layer has single layer of smooth endothelial cells. Wall of artery is thicker
than vein.
Veins: Most
veins are inelastic large vessels carry blood from the body tissues to the
heart. The wall of a vein contains same three layers as arterial walls but the
middle layer is much thinner and one or more valves are present. The valves
permit blood flow in only one direction which is important in returning the
blood to the heart.
Capillaries: Arteries
lead to terminal arterioles. The arterioles branch to form capillaries which
connect to venules and the veins. Capillaries are generally composed of single
layer of endothelial cells and are the most numerous blood vessels in animals’
body. An abundance of capillaries makes an enormous surface area for exchange
of gases, fluids, nutrients and wastes between the blood and nearby cells.
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