Lymphatic system in vertebrates, Gaseous exchange through gills and Mechanism of Inhalation and Exhalation
Lymphatic system in vertebrates:
It begins with
small vessels called lymphatic capillaries which are in direct contact with
extra cellular fluid surrounding tissues.
(1) To collect
and drain most of the fluid that sweeps from the blood stream and accumulates
in extra cellular fluid.
(2) To return
small amount of proteins that have left the cells.
(3) To transport
lipids that have been absorbed from small intestine.
(4) To transport
foreign particles and cellular debris to disposal centres called lymph nodes.
Small lymphatic
capillaries merge to form larger lymphatic vessels called lymphatic. Lymphatic
are thin walled vessels with valves that ensure the one way flow of lymph.
Lymph (clear water) is extra cellular fluid that accumulates in lymph vessels.
These vessels pass through lymph nodes on their way back to the heart. Lymph
nodes concentrate in several areas of the body and play important role in
body’s defense against disease.
Gaseous exchange through gills:
Gas exchange
across internal gill surfaces is extremely efficient. It occurs as blood and
water move in opposite direction on either side of lamellar epithelium e.g. the
water that passes over a gill first encounters vessels that are transporting
blood with low oxygen partial pressure into the body.
Thus oxygen
diffuses into the blood. What then passes over the vessels carrying blood high
in oxygen. More oxygen diffuses inward because this blood still has less oxygen
than the surrounding water. Carbon dioxide also diffuses into water because its
pressure is higher in the blood than in water. This counter current exchange
mechanism provides efficient gas exchange by maintaining a concentration
gradient between blood and water over the length of capillary bed.
Mechanism of Inhalation and Exhalation:
Inhalation: Several
sets of muscles, the main ones being the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract.
The intercostal muscles stretch from rib to rib and when they contract, they
pull the ribs close together enlarging the thoracic cavity.
Thoracic cavity
further enlarges when the diaphragm contracts and flattens. The increased size
of thoracic cavity causes pressure in the cavity to drop below the atmospheric
pressure. Air rushes into the lungs and the lungs inflate.
Exhalation: The
intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax, allowing the thoracic cavity to
return to its original smaller size and increasing the pressure in the thoracic
cavity.
Abdominal
muscles contract, pushing the abdominal organs against the diaphragm, further
increasing the pressure within the thoracic cavity. The action in this step causes
the elastic lungs to contract and compress the air in the alveoli with this
compression alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure causing
air to be expelled from the lungs.
Comments
Post a Comment