Mechanism of thermo-genesis in birds and mammals
Heat Production
in Birds and Mammals:
In endotherms
heat generation can warm the body as it dissipates throughout tissues and
organs. Birds and Mammals can generate heat (thermogenesis) by muscle
contraction. ATPase pump enzymes, oxidation of fatty acids in brown fat, and
other metabolic processes.
Shivering
thermogenesis:
Every time a
muscle cell contracts and the hydrolysis of ATP molecules generate heat. Both
voluntary muscular work (e.g. running, flying, jumping) and involuntary
muscular work like shivering generate heat. Heat generation by shivering is
called shivering thermogenesis.
Non Shivering thermogenesis:
Birds and
Mammals have unique capacity to generate heat by using specific enzyme the
ATPase pump enzymes in the plasma membrane, of most cells. When the body cools,
the thyroid gland releases the hormone thyroxine. Thyroxine increases the
permeability of many cells to sodium (Na+) ions, which leak into the
cells. ATPase pump quickly and pump these ions out. In the process ATP is
hydrolyzed, releasing heat energy. Hormonal triggering of heat production is
called non shivering thermogenesis.
Brown fat:
Brown fat is a
specialized type of fat found in newborn mammals; in mammals that live in cold
climates and in mammals that hibernate. Brown colour of this fat comes from
large number of mitochondria with their iron-containing cytochromes. Deposits
of brown fat are beneath the ribs and in the shoulders. Large amount of heat is
produced when brown fat cells oxidize fatty acids because little ATP is made.
Blood flowing past brown fat is heated and contributed to warming the body. The
basal metabolic rate of birds and mammals is high and also produces heat as an
inadvertent but useful by product.
Hypothalamic
control by thermogenesis:
In amphibians,
reptiles, birds and mammals specialized cells in the hypothalamus control
thermoregulation. It has heating centre and cooling centre. Heating centre
controls vasoconstriction of superficial blood vessels, erection of hair and
fur and shivering or non shivering thermogenesis.
The cooling
centre controls vasodilation of blood vessels, sweating and panting over all
feedback mechanism (with hypothalamus acting as thermostat) trigger either the
heating or cooling of body and thereby control body temperature. Specialized
neuronal receptors in the skin and other parts of the body sense temperature
changes. Warm neuronal receptors excite the cooling centre and inhibit the
heating centre. Cold neuronal receptors have opposite effects.
Hibernation:
During winter
various endotherms (e.g. bats, wood chucks, chipmunks and ground squirrels) go
into hibernation. During hibernation metabolic rate slows, as do the heart and
breathing rates. Mammals prepare for hibernation by building up fat reserves
and growing long winter pelts. All hibernating animals have brown fat.
Decreasing day length stimulates both increased fat deposition and fur growth.
Aestivation:
This state is
characterized by slow metabolism and inactivity which allows certain mammals to
survive long period of elevated temperature and diminished water supplies.
False
hibernation:
Some animals
such as badgers, bears, opossums, raccoons and skunks enter a state of
prolonged sleep in winter since their body temperature remains near normal;
this is not true hibernation.
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