Short Notes on Anaeoploidy, Euploidy and Vacuole
ANAEOPLOIDY
It is change in
number of chromosome which can be either due to loss of one or more chromosomes
or due to addition or deletion of one or more chromosomes. It leads to
variations in chromosome number and do not involve the whole of the Karyothype.
The nuclei of the aneuploids contain chromosomes whose number is not true
mullyple of the basic number (n). The aneuploidy arises due to non disjunction.
The loss of one chromosome produces a Monosomic (2n—1) and the condition is
termed as Monosomy. The gain of one chromosome produces Trisomic (2n—1) and the
condition is known as Trisomy. In the same way the addition of two or more
chromosomes is respectively known as Tetrasomy and Pentasomy, the individuals
are known as Tetrasomic and Pentasomic. In some cases a pair of homologous
chromosomes is lost (2n—2), such indivividuals are termed as Nullisomic and the
condition is called Nullisomy.
EUPLOIDY:
It is a
condition where one or more full sets of chromosomes are present in an
organism. The euploids may e Monoploids, Diploids or Polyploids. Monoploids can
be distinguished from haploids as they have a single basic set of chromosomes
are in Barley 2n = x = 7 or in corn 2n = x = 10 while the Haploids have the
half the somatic number of chromosomes found in normal individual i.e. each
chromosome is represented once. In some cases as in male insects the haploids
are produced due to parthenogenesis. In these insects the queen and drones are
diploid females. The haploids also originate due to development of egg
parthenogenetically in following plants such as Tomatoes and Cotton. The
haploids also originate from pollen tube rather than from egg, synergids or
antipodals of the embryo sac. Such haploids are known as Androgenic Haploids.
Significance:
Haploids are characterised by a reduction in size of all vegetative and floral
parts than a diploid. Haploids are used in production of homozygous diploids as
haploids can be doubled by colchicines treatment. These homologous diploids are
used for cultivation e.g. rice, wheat and tobacco.
VACUOLE:
Vacuoles are non
protoplasmic liquid filled cavities in the cytoplasm and are surrounded by a
membrane called the tonoplast. Tonoplast is selectively permeable; it allows
certain substancesto enter in the vacuole. They are clear in plant cells. They
are prominent in nature cells. They are filled with cell sap and act as store
house, which often plays role in plant defence,
Which is
necessary for plant cell enlargement. Plant vacuoles sometimes act as lysosome
as they contain hydrolytic enzymes and after death of cells tonoplast lose its
differential permeability and its enzyme causes lysis of the cell. Vacuole is
filled with a fluid called cell sap which is water containing large number of
soluble chemical substances such as inorganic salts, organic acids, soluble
carbohydrates e.g. sugar, soluble proteins, and amino acids and in certain
cells mucilage, anthocyamins, tannins, latex and alkaloids in varying
proportions. The vacuole is this a tiny reservoir of the cell from which the
cytoplasm draws water and other material according to its need.
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