Shorts Notes on Depolarization and Re-polarization, Hormone and its effect on target cells and Unique hormones in birds
Depolarization and Re-polarization:
When a stimulus
is appeared to a point along the resting plasma membrane the permeability to Na+
ions causes the temperature to go from -70mV toward 0. This loss in membrane
polarity is called depolarization. When depolarization reaches certain level,
special Na+ channels (voltage gated) that are sensitive to changes
in membrane potential quickly open and more Na+ ions can rush to the inside of
the neuron.
Re-polarization:
Shortly after Na+ ions move into the cell, Na+ ions
rapidly diffuse outward. The movement of K+ ions out of the cell
builds up positive charge outside the cell again and membrane becomes re-polarized.
Hormone and its effect on target cells:
A hormone
specialized chemical messenger that an endocrine gland produces and secretes.
Hormones circulate through body fluid and affect the metabolic activity of
target cells in a specific way. Target cells has receptors to which chemical
messenger either selectively bind or on which they have an effect only rarely
does a hormone operates independently one hormone influences, depends on and
balances another hormone in a controlled feed back network.
Biochemical
reactions: In target cell hormones help control biochemical reactions in three
ways: (i) A hormone can increase the rate of other substances enter or leave
the cell; (ii) It can stimulate a target cell to synthesize enzymes proteins or
other substances (iii) It can promote a target cell to activate or suppress
existing cellular enzymes.
Unique hormones in birds:
In some birds
like Pigeons and doves, the pituitary gland secretes the hormone protactin.
Protactin stimulates the production of “Pigeon’s milk” by desquamation
(sloughing of cells) in pigeon’s crop. Protactin also stimulates and regulates
broodiness and certain other kinds of parental behaviour and along with
estrogen, stimulates full development of thebrood (incubation) patch. Brood
patch helps keep the eggs at a temperature between 33 and 37°C. Birds thyroid
gland produces hormone thryoxine. It regulates the normal development of
feathers and the molt cycle and plays a role in the onset of migratory
behaviour. In male birds the teats produce the hormone testosterone. It
controls secondary sexual characters of male, such as bright plumage color comb
and spurs all of which strongly influence sexual behaviour. Ultimobrnachial
glands are small, paired structures in the neck just below parathyroid glands.
They secrete hormone calcitonium which is involved in regulating blood calcium
concentrations. Bursa fabricuis is a sac that lies just dorsal to the cloaca and eupties
into it. Its tissues produce secretions that are responsible for maturation of
white blood cells which play important role in immunological reactions.
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